Not exactly, though they are both types of malware. A virus is designed to replicate and spread to other devices, while spyware's primary goal is to secretly gather information. However, some malware can have characteristics of both.

Can iPhones and Macs get spyware?

Yes. While they have strong built-in security features that make them less common targets than Windows and Android devices, no operating system is completely immune. Attackers are constantly developing new ways to target all platforms.

Yes, installing spyware on someone's device without their consent is illegal in most countries, including the United States. However, some "stalkerware" apps are marketed as tools for parents to monitor their children or employers to track company devices, operating in a legal gray area.

How do I know if I have spyware on my device?

Common signs include a sudden slowdown in performance, frequent crashes, new toolbars or search engines you didn't install, an increase in pop-up ads, and unexplained changes to your device settings. The most reliable way to know for sure is to run a scan with a reputable antivirus program.

Will a factory reset remove spyware?

In most cases, yes. A factory reset will wipe your device's storage and restore it to its original state, which typically removes any malware, including spyware. However, make sure to back up your important files (photos, documents, etc.) before doing so, as they will be erased. Be careful not to restore from a backup made after the infection occurred, as you could reinstall the spyware.

What Is Spyware? Definition, Types & Protection Tips

Spyware is a type of malicious software designed to secretly install itself on a device, monitor your activity, and steal sensitive information. It operates in the background without your knowledge, collecting data and sending it to a third party. Learn what spyware is, how it gets onto your devices, and the different forms it can take—from stealing your passwords to tracking your every move. Most importantly, we'll show you how to spot it and protect yourself from it.

Spyware, where did you come from

For spyware to be effective, it has to get onto your device without you noticing. Cybercriminals are clever, and they have several go-to methods for sneaking their malicious code past your defenses. It’s not always a dramatic, obvious hack; sometimes, it's as simple as you clicking the wrong link.

The most common ways spyware infects a system include:

Phishing and Smishing: These are deceptive emails or text messages that look legitimate. They might pretend to be from your bank, a delivery service, or even a colleague. They trick you into clicking a malicious link or downloading an infected attachment, which then installs the spyware.
Software bundles: Have you ever downloaded a free program and noticed other, unfamiliar applications got installed along with it? Sometimes, free software bundles a "bonus" program that is actually spyware. The installer might mention it in the fine print of the terms and conditions, hoping you'll click "Agree" without reading.
Drive-by downloads: Simply visiting a compromised or malicious website can be enough to trigger a spyware infection. Hackers can exploit vulnerabilities in outdated browsers or plugins to force your device to download and install spyware without any action on your part.
Trojans: Like the mythical Trojan Horse, this type of malware disguises itself as something useful—like a game, a utility tool, or an update. Once you run the program, it secretly installs spyware in the background.

The different types of spyware

Spyware isn't a one-size-fits-all threat. It comes in several varieties, each designed for a specific malicious purpose. Understanding the different types can help you recognize the risks.

Keyloggers

Also known as system monitors, keyloggers are a particularly invasive form of spyware. They secretly record every keystroke you make on your device. This includes your usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, private messages, and search queries. Some advanced keyloggers can also capture screenshots or record audio and video from your device's microphone and camera.

Password stealers

As the name suggests, these programs are designed to harvest login credentials from your device. They can pull stored passwords from your web browsers, email clients, and other applications. Once collected, this information is sent to an attacker's server, giving them access to your online accounts.

Banking trojans

This is a specialized type of spyware that specifically targets financial information. When you try to log into your bank's website, a banking trojan can alter the webpage, create fake login forms to capture your credentials, or even initiate fraudulent transactions in the background. They are designed to be invisible, so both you and the bank remain unaware until it's too late.

Adware

While often considered the least malicious type, adware can still be a major nuisance and a privacy risk. It bombards your device with unwanted pop-up ads. Sometimes, this adware also tracks your browsing history to serve you targeted (but still unwanted) advertisements. In more aggressive forms, adware can redirect your browser to malicious websites.

Mobile spyware

Spyware isn't limited to computers. Mobile spyware can infect smartphones and tablets, stealing call logs, text messages, photos, location data, and contact lists. Because we carry our phones everywhere, mobile spyware can paint an incredibly detailed picture of our daily lives, posing a significant threat to personal privacy.

Should I care about spyware

Nobody's perfect. Even the most careful person can be tricked into clicking a bad link. The problem with spyware is that it doesn't just disrupt your device—it can dismantle your digital life. The consequences range from annoying pop-ups to severe financial loss and identity theft.

For businesses, the stakes are even higher. A single spyware infection on an employee's computer can lead to a full-blown data breach. This can result in the theft of intellectual property, exposure of customer data, and significant damage to the company's reputation and bottom line. The U.S. government's Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) highlights these risks, emphasizing the need for both individual and organizational vigilance.

First line of defense against spyware

Protecting yourself from spyware starts with smart, cautious online behavior, but it doesn't end there. Combining good habits with the right security tools creates a powerful defense.

Here are some actionable steps you can take:

Be skeptical of unsolicited messages: Treat emails, texts, and social media messages from unknown senders with suspicion. Don't click on links or download attachments unless you are absolutely sure they are safe.
Keep your software updated: Software updates often contain critical security patches that fix vulnerabilities exploited by spyware. Regularly update your operating system, web browser, and other applications.
Use a reputable antivirus solution: A good antivirus or anti-malware program is essential. It can detect and remove spyware that has already made it onto your device and block new threats in real time.
Download from official sources: Only download software from official websites or trusted app stores (like the Apple App Store or Google Play Store). Avoid third-party download sites, which are often hot-spots for bundled spyware.
Enable multi-factor authentication (MFA): MFA adds an extra layer of security to your accounts. Even if spyware steals your password, attackers won't be able to log in without the second verification step (like a code sent to your phone).

Stay protected

The threat of spyware is real, but it's not invincible. By understanding how it operates and taking proactive steps to secure your devices, you can significantly reduce your risk of becoming a victim. It’s about building a security mindset—one where you pause and think before you click.

Your digital privacy is worth protecting. A little bit of caution goes a long way in keeping your personal and professional information out of the wrong hands.